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For the video album, see The Immaculate Collection (video).

The Immaculate Collection
Greatest hits album by
Madonna
ReleasedNovember 13, 1990
Recorded1983–1990
GenrePop
Length73:32
Label
Producer
Madonna chronology
I'm Breathless
(1990) 		The Immaculate Collection
(1990) 		Erotica
(1992)
Singles from The Immaculate Collection
  1. "Justify My Love"
    Released: November 6, 1990
  2. "Rescue Me"
    Released: February 26, 1991

The Immaculate Collection is the first greatest hits album by American singer Madonna, released on November 13, 1990, by Sire Records. It contains fifteen of her hit singles recorded throughout the 1980s, as well as two brand new tracks, "Justify My Love" and "Rescue Me". All the previously released material were reworked through the QSound audio technology, becoming the first ever album to use it. Meanwhile, the new material saw Madonna working with Lenny Kravitz and Shep Pettibone. The album's title is a pun on the Immaculate Conception, a Marian dogma of the Catholic Church.

The release of the album was accompanied by a same-titled home video release, an EP titled The Holiday Collection, and a box set titled The Royal Box. "Justify My Love" was released as the lead single from the album, with a controversial music video featuring overtly sexual imagery. After being banned by MTV, the video was released on VHS and became the best-selling video single of all time. It also became Madonna's ninth number-one single on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. The second single, "Rescue Me", had the highest debut on the chart since the Beatles' "Let It Be" (1970) and peaked at number nine.

The Immaculate Collection received universal acclaim from critics, who deemed it a defining retrospective of 1980s music. The album reached number two on the US Billboard 200 chart, while topping the charts in Argentina, Australia, Canada, Finland, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. Earning elevenfold platinum from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), it became Madonna's second diamond-certified album in the United States. The Immaculate Collection has sold over 30 million copies worldwide, making it the best-selling compilation album by a solo artist ever and one of the best-selling albums of all time. It has been featured on all-time critic lists by several publications, including Blender which named it the greatest American album of all time.

Background and development

[edit]
Lenny Kravitz onstage in a tank top, while placing his right hand on his chest
Lenny Kravitz co-wrote and produced "Justify My Love", one of two new songs recorded for The Immaculate Collection.

By the end of the 1980s, Madonna had become the biggest female singles artist in history, with the most number-one and top-ten hit songs by a woman in both the United States and the United Kingdom.[1][2] J. Randy Taraborrelli, author of Madonna: An Intimate Biography, noted that a Madonna's greatest hits album was ready by that point, serving as "a proud landmark" of her career which had progressed upwards since she entered the music scene in 1982.[3] Following the completion of the 1990 Blond Ambition World Tour, Madonna began preparing the project aimed to be released in time for the year's Christmas season.[4] On October 13, 1990, Billboard magazine confirmed that Madonna had been working on new material for the album with Shep Pettibone and Lenny Kravitz.[5]

The Immaculate Collection contains fifteen previously released Madonna singles in chronological order, from "Holiday" (1983) to "Vogue" (1990). All of them were reworked using QSound by Pettibone, alongside Goh Hotoda and Michael Hutchinson within a month and a half.[6] It became the first album to use QSound, which then was a new technology that gives recordings three-dimensional sound on standard stereo systems.[7] Tracks have been edited down from their original lengths to decrease the overall running time.[8] Minor alterations and additions have been applied to every track; for example, "Material Girl" has a new outro in place of the original fade-out. Pettibone also remixed "Into the Groove", "Like a Prayer", and "Express Yourself", featuring different music productions from their original album versions.[9] Pettibone later commented:

Well, actually some of the songs we changed up a bit, but most of the songs we kept in their original form. Like "Holiday", "Lucky Star", et cetera, et cetera, those were all the original productions. The remix was just really to create the QSound, and make the song kind of envelop you when you listened to it in a certain sweet spot in front of the speakers [...] That wasn't easy to do. But then again, that was one of those—you know, "Hurry up, this has to be out last week". That was a rush rush job.[9]

Two new songs, "Justify My Love" and "Rescue Me", were included on the album in order to generate public interest.[10] "Justify My Love" is a trip hop song, featuring Madonna's spoken word vocals over a "grinding, sparse" hip hop groove.[11][12] It was first written as a love letter by Ingrid Chavez, who was having an affair with Kravitz at the time. He invited her over a studio to record the letter and later took a master copy of the song to Virgin Records after the end of their relationship.[13] Months later, Kravitz told Chavez that the song would be released by Madonna and he asked her to sign a document saying that Chavez would receive 12.5% publishing royalties, but no writing credit. She signed the paper, and was then invited to meet Madonna in the studio while they mixed the track.[13] However, Chavez later sued Kravitz in 1992 and reached an out-of-court settlement whereby she received a co-writing credit.[14] The second new song, "Rescue Me", is a dance-pop and gospel-house track written and produced by Madonna and Pettibone.[15] Lyrically, "Rescue Me" expresses the extinguishing of deranged behavior in a relationship and features spoken word verses, like on "Justify My Love".[16]

Packaging, release, and promotion

[edit]
One of vinyl pressings of The Immaculate Collection

The album was packaged in a gatefold sleeve which did not feature Madonna's image on the cover. Instead, a short haired, brunette Madonna was featured on the two inner sleeves along with lyrics for the two previously unreleased tracks.[8] Photographer Herb Ritts shot the booklet's black-and-white images, which previously appeared in the June 1990 issue of Interview magazine.[17] Madonna continued referencing Catholicism on The Immaculate Collection, dedicating the album to "The Pope, my divine inspiration" on its booklet. This led to many believing it was dedicated to Pope John Paul II, but it was actually dedicated to her brother, Christopher Ciccone, who had spent the year on tour with Madonna on the Blond Ambition World Tour and whose nickname is "The Pope".[18] The album's title is a pun on the Immaculate Conception, a conception of the Virgin Mary without the stain of original sin.[3] In The Everything Mary Book (2006), editors explained "the album's colors of blue and gold resonate with some of the colors used in the traditional images of Virgin Mary".[19] The album was originally titled Ultra Madonna, but the plan was changed as it was too similar to the name of Ultra Naté, a then-new artist in Warner Bros.[20] However, it was marketed in Japan with the title Ultra Madonna: Greatest Hits.[21]

The Immaculate Collection was released in the United States on November 13, 1990, by Sire Records.[22] A same-titled home video was also released, containing 13 music videos, including the live performance of "Vogue" at the 1990 MTV Video Music Awards.[23] A box set titled The Royal Box was issued on December 4, 1990, containing the album, VHS, a poster, and postcards.[24][25] An extended play (EP) titled The Holiday Collection was also released in Europe with the same design as The Immaculate Collection. The full-length album version of "Holiday" was included on the EP, alongside three worldwide chart hits omitted from the album: "True Blue", "Who's That Girl", and "Causing a Commotion".[26] In 1993, a "limited edition" of The Immaculate Collection was released in Australia to commemorate Madonna's visit to the country with the Girlie Show tour.[27] A Dolby Atmos mix of The Immaculate Collection was released in May 2023 via Apple Music.[28]

"Justify My Love" was released as the album's lead single on November 6, 1990. It became her ninth number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and the top ten in many other countries.[29][30] The black-and-white music video caused controversy for its sexually explicit imagery and was banned by MTV.[31] Due to this prohibition, the music video was commercially released as a video single, and become the highest-selling in this format of all time.[32] Liz Smith from Sarasota Herald-Tribune commented that the headlines and gossip would only hype more interest in the album.[33]

Prior to its release as a single, "Rescue Me" started receiving airplay in the radios as an album cut.[34] "Rescue Me" entered the Billboard Hot 100 chart at number fifteen—thus becoming the highest-debuting single since the Beatles' "Let It Be" (1970)—and eventually peaked at number nine.[29] The single also reached number three on the European Hot 100 Singles chart.[35]

"Crazy for You" was re-released as a single in the UK, and later peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart.[36] "Holiday" was also re-released as a UK-only single on May 27, 1991, and peaked at number five on the chart.[36]

Critical reception

[edit]
Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic[37]
Blender[38]
Robert ChristgauA+[39]
Encyclopedia of Popular Music[40]
Entertainment WeeklyA[41]
Q[42]
Rolling Stone[43]
Select[44]
Tom Hull – on the WebA+[45]
The Virgin Encyclopedia of Nineties Music[46]

The Immaculate Collection received universal acclaim from music critics.[47] AllMusic senior editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote that the album "remains a necessary purchase, because it captures everything Madonna is about and it proves that she was one of the finest singles artists of the '80s." However, he felt that "while all the hits are present, they're simply not in their correct versions" due to the QSound remastering and significant changes in several songs.[37] Billboard commented that the album was "irresistible holiday buying fare", and praised the QSound process for adding "unheard detail and depth to the recordings".[48] David Browne from Entertainment Weekly opined that the album was "as relentless as the woman herself", and "refocuses our attention on how brilliant her records have been over the years—and gives us a peek into the obstacles she might face as her career enters the '90s."[49] Jim Farber of the same magazine stated: "More than a mere greatest-hits set, it's hands down the catchiest collection of '80s singles."[41] Peter Buckley, author of the book The Rough Guide to Rock, wrote that the album "stakes Madonna's claim to be the best singles act of the 80s."[50]

Rolling Stone called the album the "standard bearer for Madonna compilations", summing up the first stage of Madonna's career "flawlessly" with an addition of "worthy sensual" new tracks.[43] In a review for Music & Media, Pieter de Bruyn Kops complimented the album's new material as "brilliant" and said that "Madonna proves again she is the ruling Queen of Pop."[51] Danny Eccleston from Q magazine said the album's "ambitious title" was justified by "magnificent content: 17-track best of enhanced by the hard-faced sexiness of Lenny Kravitz-aided Justify My Love (and Rescue Me)."[42] Robert Christgau called it "the greatest album of [Madonna's] mortal life" featuring "seventeen hits, more than half of them indelible classics."[39] Writing for Stereogum, Tom Breihan commented the compilation "is even more impressive when you think about what didn't make it onto the album."[52] Ross Bennett from Mojo called the album "truly the best of best of's" and stated: "This has to be right up there with ABBA Gold as a collection of singles so deeply ingrained in the collective consciousness [...] But there is no denying the pop nous behind Ms Ciccone's first 15 years of hits, here brilliantly packaged in, gasp, chronological order."[53]

J.D. Considine from The Baltimore Sun considered it "no mere greatest hits" and commented, "Immaculate? Impeccable is more like it."[54] Lucy O'Brien in her book Madonna: Like an Icon deemed the album a "seamless marriage of high-octane pop and dance", as well as "the ultimate party record".[55] Select's Andrew Harrison wrote: "Given that she's had the good grace to leave out second-raters [...] it's hard to fault this wonderful collection. You might find better music this Christmas but you'll never hear better pop."[44] Kevork Djansezian of Tulsa World commented that "if the controversy, the outrage, the boycotts, and the sexual revolution it created don't spark your interest, at least you can have a great time dancing and lip-synching to its acclaimed and definitely catchy pop tracks."[56] Douglas Wolk from Pitchfork stated that the album is "the kind of perfect straight-into-orbit retrospective pop artists dream of achieving."[57]

Commercial performance

[edit]
The Immaculate Collection was the highest-charting greatest hits album on the Billboard 200 in a decade since Greatest Hits (1980) by Kenny Rogers.

The Immaculate Collection has sold over 30 million copies worldwide,[58][59] making it the best-selling compilation album ever by a solo artist and one of the world's best-selling albums of all time.[60][61] In Madonna's home country, the album entered the Billboard 200 chart at number 32 on the week of December 1, 1990.[62] It jumped to number two on January 26, 1991,[63] being blocked from the top spot for two weeks by Vanilla Ice's To the Extreme.[29] Nevertheless, it became the highest-charting greatest hits album in a decade since Kenny Rogers's Greatest Hits (1980).[64] After Billboard overturned the rule preventing older albums to chart on the Billboard 200 in November 2009,[65] The Immaculate Collection has made multiple re-entries on the chart, with the latest being its 148th week on September 10, 2016.[66] The album also spent 290 weeks on the Catalog Albums chart, with a peak of number six.[67] The Immaculate Collection became Madonna's second album, after Like a Virgin (1984), to receive diamond award from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and was later certified eleven-time platinum denoting 11 million album-equivalent units.[68] After the advent of the Nielsen SoundScan, the album has sold over 5,992,000 copies as of 2016.[69]

In Canada, The Immaculate Collection topped the RPM albums chart for six consecutive weeks.[70] It earned seven-time platinum certification from the Music Canada (MC) for shipments of 700,000 copies.[71] It became one of the all-time best-selling albums in Latin American countries such as Mexico and Brazil, with sales of over 800,000 and 500,000 copies, respectively.[72][73] In Australia, the album debuted at number one on the albums chart, remaining at the top for five weeks and the top 50 for 95 weeks.[74] It received twelve-time platinum certification from the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) and has sold over 880,000 copies as of January 2013,[75] making it one of the best-selling albums in Australia. In Japan, The Immaculate Collection charted for 26 weeks on the Oricon Albums Chart, with a peak of number five.[21] The Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) certified it quadruple platinum for shipment of 800,000 copies.[76]

The Immaculate Collection debuted atop the UK Albums Chart on November 24, 1990. Madonna became the first female artist to achieve four number-one albums and the first female to have a Christmas number-one album in the United Kingdom.[77] Occupying the top position for nine weeks, the album broke the record for the longest consecutive weeks at number one by a female artist, a feat that would not be matched for 20 years until the release of Adele's album 21 (2011).[78][79] It became the seventh best-selling album of the decade with 2.5 million copies.[80] The Immaculate Collection was certified thirteen-time platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI).[81] It remains the best-selling solo compilation album in British music history, with sales of 3.7 million as of July 2016.[82] In France, the album reached number four on the chart and was certified diamond by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP).[83] The sales of the album stand at 1.1 million copies there.[84] The Immaculate Collection peaked at number 10 in Germany and was certified triple gold by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI), denoting 750,000 units shipped.[85][86] Across Europe, the album reached number one in Finland and Ireland, while peaking at number three on the pancontinental European Top 100 Albums chart.[87]

Legacy

[edit]

Nick C Levine from Dazed magazine stated that The Immaculate Collection cemented Madonna's iconic status and "distilled her early career into one era-defining pop single after another."[88] According to Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic, the album "captured the time when Madonna was the defining figure of American pop culture."[89] Mike Wass from Idolator described the album as "a time capsule of the 1980s... [showing] the Queen of Pop's progression from bubblegum-pop diva to the risk-taking, rule-breaking icon she went on to become in the 1990s."[90] James Rose from Daily Review retrospectively described The Immaculate Collection as "a story of women and pop music in the decade leading to 1990... pop music history, in itself a living timeline of an era."[91] Writing for The Guardian, Lucy O'Brien recommended The Immaculate Collection for listeners who want to discover Madonna's back catalog since her 1980s hits "are brilliantly captured" on the album.[92]

The album has been featured on a number of all-time lists by music critics. The New York Times dubbed The Immaculate Collection as one of the definitive album releases of the century.[47] Rockdelux also named it one of the greatest albums of the 20th century.[93] In 2003, the album was ranked number 278 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time".[94] The latest update of the Rolling Stone list was published in September 2020, showing the album rising to number 138.[95] Blender magazine placed the album at number one on their "100 Greatest American Albums of All Time" list, explaining:[96]

Just as Bob Dylan's insurgent braininess embodied the boundary-stretching '60s, Madonna epitomized the '80s, from the coy consumerism of "Material Girl" to the stylish hedonism of "Vogue". She was a change-agent of Hollywood-blockbuster proportions, embodying womanhood's power while simultaneously upending musty notions of femininity... And, since this is above all expertly built, wonderfully sung music, the songcraft lets listeners ignore all of the above and just dance. [E]ach listen shows that Madonna's unerring musical instincts—let's go ahead and call it genius—were as formidable as her more famous ambition.

Other retrospective assessments specifically praised the album as a greatest hits collection. Drew Mackie of People, called the album "the best-named greatest hits compilation ever" and "easily one of the best greatest hits albums ever."[97] In 2022, it was included in the Rolling Stone Italia list of the 10 greatest hits albums that "made history".[98] NME ranked it as the second-best greatest hits album of all time, claiming that "In her pomp, Madonna was the best pop star of her time."[99] Selena Dieringer from Houston Press listed The Immaculate Collection among the "ten really fantastic Greatest Hits albums".[100] Classic Pop named it the best compilation album of all time.[101] The Daily Telegraph ranked it as Madonna's best album, calling it "a phenomenal collection".[102] It was also included in Out's The 100 Greatest, Gayest Albums of All Time, addressing the influence of records for the gay community, with staff calling it "the definitive document of her stratospherically successful first decade".[103] Queerty editors selected The Immaculate Collection among 20 most important albums to shape LGBTQ culture, calling it "a must for any gold star gay's record collection."[104]

The Immaculate Collection also influenced the development of subsequent Madonna greatest hits albums. GHV2 (2001), an abbreviation of Greatest Hits Volume 2, was marketed as a follow-up to The Immaculate Collection, comprising Madonna's hits from 1992 to 2001.[105] The two-disc edition of Celebration (2009) includes every track from The Immaculate Collection, except "Rescue Me".[106]

Track listing

[edit]
The Immaculate Collection track listing
No.TitleWriter(s)Original albumLength
1."Holiday"
Madonna (1983)4:06
2."Lucky Star"MadonnaMadonna3:38
3."Borderline"Reggie LucasMadonna4:00
4."Like a Virgin"
Like a Virgin (1984)3:11
5."Material Girl"
Like a Virgin3:53
6."Crazy for You"
Vision Quest (1985)3:46
7."Into the Groove"
Like a Virgin (1985 reissue)4:10
8."Live to Tell"
True Blue (1986)5:19
9."Papa Don't Preach"
  • Brian Elliot
  • Madonna[a]
True Blue4:09
10."Open Your Heart"
True Blue3:51
11."La Isla Bonita"
  • Madonna
  • Leonard
  • Bruce Gaitsch
True Blue3:48
12."Like a Prayer"
  • Madonna
  • Leonard
Like a Prayer (1989)5:52
13."Express Yourself"
  • Madonna
  • Bray
Like a Prayer4:04
14."Cherish"
  • Madonna
  • Leonard
Like a Prayer3:53
15."Vogue"
I'm Breathless (1990)5:19
16."Justify My Love"
Previously unreleased5:01
17."Rescue Me"
  • Madonna
  • Pettibone
Previously unreleased5:32
Total length:73:32

Notes

  • Digital and Dolby Atmos releases of the album use the "New Mix" version of "Lucky Star" (7:15), and the album version of "Borderline" (5:17).[107]
  • ^a signifies additional lyrics by

Personnel

[edit]

Personnel credits adapted from the liner notes of The Immaculate Collection.[8]

  • Madonna – vocals, background vocals
  • Lenny Kravitz – background vocals
  • Dian Sorel – background vocals
  • Catherine Russell – background vocals
  • Lillias White – background vocals
  • Henry Hirsch – recording
  • David Domanich – recording
  • Andy Cardenas – recording
  • Josh Cuervokas – recording
  • P. Dennis Mitchell – recording engineer
  • Curt Frasca – assistant engineer
  • Lolly Grodner – assistant engineer
  • John Partham – assistant engineer
  • Peter Schwartz – keyboards, programming
  • Joe Moskowitz – additional programming
  • Rob Mounsey – arranger
  • Shep Pettibone – mixing, album coordinator
  • Goh Hotoda – mixing
  • Michael Hutchinson – mixing
  • Ted Jensen – mastering
  • Jane Brinton – album coordinator
  • Freddy DeMann – management
  • Herb Ritts – photography
  • Jeri Heiden – art direction, design
  • John Heiden – design
  • Andre Guedes – digital booklet
  • Gene Sculatti – liner notes
  • Mike Dean – mixing (2023 Dolby Atmos mix)[28]

Charts

[edit]

Certifications and sales

[edit]
Certifications and sales of The Immaculate Collection
Region Certification Certified units/sales
Argentina (CAPIF)[171] 6× Platinum 360,000^
Australia (ARIA)[172] 12× Platinum 880,000[a]
Austria (IFPI Austria)[173] Platinum 50,000*
Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)[73] 2× Platinum 500,000*
Canada (Music Canada)[71] 7× Platinum 700,000^
Denmark (IFPI Danmark)[134] Platinum 80,000^
Finland (Musiikkituottajat)[174] Platinum 92,500[174]
France (SNEP)[83] Diamond 1,100,000[b]
Germany (BVMI)[86] 3× Gold 750,000^
Hong Kong — 20,000[c]
Israel — 50,000[d]
Italy (FIMI)[178] 5× Platinum 500,000[e]
Japan (RIAJ)[76] 4× Platinum 800,000^
Mexico — 800,000[f]
Netherlands (NVPI)[179] 3× Platinum 300,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)[180] 7× Platinum 105,000^
Singapore — 103,000[g]
South Africa (RISA)[182] Platinum 50,000*
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[183] 3× Platinum 300,000^
Sweden (GLF)[184] Gold 50,000^
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[185] Platinum 50,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[81] 13× Platinum 3,900,000‡
United States (RIAA)[68] 11× Platinum 11,000,000‡
Summaries
Worldwide — 30,000,000[58]

* Sales figures based on certification alone.
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Australian sales as of January 2013.[75]
  2. ^ French sales as of March 2012.[84]
  3. ^ Hong Konger sales as of November 1990.[175]
  4. ^ Israeli sales as of August 2001.[176]
  5. ^ Italian sales as of 2001.[177]
  6. ^ Mexican sales as of November 2001.[72]
  7. ^ Singaporean sales as of 1994.[181]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ McAleer 1990, p. 109
  2. ^ "Finally. A greatest hits album that lives up to its name" (PDF). Billboard. November 10, 1990. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  3. ^ a b Taraborrelli 2001, pp. 202–203
  4. ^ Bego 2000, p. 256
  5. ^ Flick, Larry (October 13, 1990). "Inner City On 'Fire'; Capitol Catches Disco Fever" (PDF). Billboard. p. 31. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  6. ^ Pettibone, Shep. "Erotica Diaries". ShepPettibone.com. Archived from the original on November 14, 2007. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  7. ^ Rosen, Craig; Nunziata, Susan (November 24, 1990). "More Top Artists Follow Madonna's Move To QSound" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 102, no. 47. p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 11, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
  8. ^ a b c The Immaculate Collection (Liner notes). Madonna. Warner Bros. Records. 1990. 9 26440-1.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  9. ^ a b Caulfield, Keith (May 22, 2015). "'Vogue' Producer Shep Pettibone's First Interview in 20 Years: On Making a Madonna Classic & Why He Left Music Behind". Billboard. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved September 6, 2022.
  10. ^ Rooksby 2004, p. 82
  11. ^ Billboard Staff (March 9, 2015). "Madonna's 15 Best Songs: Billboard Staff Picks". Billboard. Archived from the original on June 17, 2021. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
  12. ^ Flick, Larry (November 17, 1990). "Dance Trax" (PDF). Billboard. p. 26. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 13, 2020. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  13. ^ a b O'Brien 2008, pp. 214–215
  14. ^ "Settlement Reached in Lawsuit over 'Justify My Love' Credit". Associated Press. January 29, 1992. Archived from the original on December 31, 2013. Retrieved April 12, 2014.
  15. ^ Lynch, Joe (October 20, 2017). "Madonna's 'Erotica' Turns 25: An Oral History of the Most Controversial '90s Pop Album". Billboard. Archived from the original on February 5, 2018. Retrieved June 2, 2018.
  16. ^ Fouz-Hernández & Jarman-Ivens 2004, p. 181
  17. ^ O'Brien, Glenn (June 1990). "Madonna!". Interview. Vol. XX, no. 6. ISSN 0149-8932.
  18. ^ Sickels 2013, p. 376
  19. ^ Schroedel, Jenny; Schroedel, John (2006). The Everything Mary Book. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 1-60550-316-9. Archived from the original on September 23, 2022. Retrieved September 9, 2022 – via Google Books.
  20. ^ "Happy 25th: Madonna, The Immaculate Collection". Rhino Entertainment. November 9, 2015. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved September 6, 2022.
  21. ^ a b c ウルトラ・マドンナ－グレイテスト・ヒッツ [Ultra Madonna: Greatest Hits] (in Japanese). Oricon. June 10, 1990. Archived from the original on August 4, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
  22. ^ "November Hot Album Releases" (PDF). Billboard. November 3, 1990. p. 88. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
  23. ^ Hardy, Ernest (October 27, 1990). "Dance/Rap: A Couple of Video Compilations" (PDF). Cash Box. p. 23. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 27, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
  24. ^ "Boxed-Set Onslaught Gets Mixed Reaction" (PDF). Billboard. December 8, 1990. p. 81. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 8, 2022. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
  25. ^ "Madonna "Justify My Love" (Sire/Warner Bros)" (PDF). The Network Forty. November 2, 1990. p. 24. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
  26. ^ Rooksby 2004, p. 90
  27. ^ The Immaculate Collection (Limited Australian Tour Edition) (Media notes). Madonna. Warner Music Australia. 1993. 0 7599-26440-2 0.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  28. ^ a b "The Immaculate Collection Now Available in Dolby Atmos". Madonna's Official Website. May 5, 2023. Archived from the original on May 6, 2023. Retrieved May 6, 2023.
  29. ^ a b c Caulfield, Keith (April 10, 2015). "Madonna's 21 Top 10 Albums: From 'Madonna' to 'Rebel Heart'". Billboard. Archived from the original on March 17, 2021. Retrieved August 2, 2016.
  30. ^ "Top 10 in Europe" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 8, no. 2. January 12, 1991. p. 29. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 3, 2020. Retrieved November 22, 2019.
  31. ^ Rich, Joshua (November 20, 1998). "Madonna Banned". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on May 21, 2013. Retrieved May 27, 2008.
  32. ^ "Madonna, 'Justify My Love' (1990)". Rolling Stone. July 13, 2011. Archived from the original on June 15, 2012. Retrieved March 18, 2015.
  33. ^ Smith, Liz (December 3, 1990). "Bad Publicity Is Good for Madonna". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Archived from the original on August 28, 2022. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
  34. ^ Ellis, Michael (February 16, 1991). "Hot 100 Singles Spotlight" (PDF). Billboard. p. 76. Retrieved June 2, 2018.
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Bibliography

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